(1). Introduction
accounting evolved as human beings evolved as the concepts of the subject of accounting and coined directly from the basic principle of the province, it is not difficult to see why the style of accounting at each point in time have a direct link with age. As man developed from primitive era to the era of interdependence talk, they have made living from being subsistent as primitive knowledge of the concept of the globalized world "effectively turned into greatness" and along with this development, which is self-represented with has developed counter through accounting supervision financial accounting, accounting and management now; which focuses on the decision-making process.
Finance Board Accounting Standards (FASB) of the United States, which united and strengthen accepted accounting principles adopted internationally generally (GAAP) has taken great strides in 2012 to come along with the International Accounting Standards Board in general (IASB) in a manner described as "international convergence." It is expected to gradually harmonize GAAPs and IFRS to become one and the same thing in an effort to stream line companies reports / company in a unified process at the level of the world such as this convergence.
1.1 Problem Statement
there is no absolute certainty what the future holds for the accounting profession. And therefore it seems, however, that the age to come, which certainly will be one of scientific progress, a man of greatness will move to something more deserving of time. Spirituality, concern for the environment and Developmentalism can be key factors in the age of the future. This paper is to see whether the accounting itself to be more than the reality of providing accurate solutions to financial problems, where the human capacity on top of the normal value of the money to the extent that would lead to a significant asset to the balance sheet and in contrast to the industrial age, even when the man himself was The work and is not considered as important as the machines ran.
(2). Literature Review
approached this paper from the perspective of content analysis - both conceptual and relational. Content analysis is "research technique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative description of the manifest content of communication" - (Berelson, 52). The conceptual analysis is simply to examine a problem, that is, whether there is a stronger presence of positive or negative words used in relation to specific argument while the relational analysis based on conceptual analysis by studying the relationships between concepts. As with other types of investigation, and preliminary options regarding what is being studied the possibility of certain sets of this paper.
2.1 evolution of accounting theory
According investopedia.com's, accounting theory in the light of its development can be defined as the review of all of the historical underpinnings of accounting practices as well as the method is verified by the accounting practices, and added to the study and application of the principles of Finance. It is believed the accounting as a system had existed since the 15th century. Since that time until now and economies, companies in the development and continued to a large extent. Accounting Theory must adapt to new ways of doing business and standards and gaps that are discovered in the reporting mechanisms and thus new technology, it is a subject constantly evolving. Accounting professional organizations and companies can help explain the use of accounting standards, so do help Accounting Standards Board to consistently create process applications more efficiently than the accounting theory. Accounting is the basis of efficiency and effectiveness of business management and intelligent management decisions, without which business and global trade on a large scale to operate blindly and fatal. It is therefore necessary to link how it has evolved to its role in the future.
2.2 out of accounting
Luca Pacioli wrote the book Mathematics in 1494 (home), which consists of a chapter on the mathematics of business. It also believes that this book to be the first official book on accounting, has been seen individually Luca Pacioli as the "father of accounting." He explained in his book, Pacioli math that a successful trader needs three things: sufficient cash or credit. Accounting system that can tell him how he's doing. And guard a good book to run. Pacioli's theory still holds today, and include both magazines and books, and is believed to have popularized the use of double-entry accounting, which has been in place since the late 1300s.
2.2.1 first change in accounting
during the depression of 1772, the accounting profession and went behind the book-keeping cost accounting. Theory and the idea turned into a method to determine whether the business is working efficiently or using an excess of labor and resources. Allowed a new theory of cost accounting trainers book keeper or accountant to use the book kept for the extraction of financial reports to show the efficiency with which the data apply. And it led this new idea for the survival of companies during the economic recession. Business that would otherwise have failed without the administration's decision to make intelligent and informed by the penetration of cost accounting.
2.2.2 US influence revolution courts / British
and saw the end of the American Revolution the United States for the first (US) government accounting system that is created in 1789, was established at the expense of the treasury management in United State. This practice has adopted a double-entry and theory. British courts ruled that they need to be professional accountants to provide financial information in respect of the cases before the courts. / Introduced accounting bodies Chartered concepts in Britain (and the United States in particular, a Certified Public Accountant - CPA). In 1887, the first standardized exam with Frank Broaker become the first comprehensive peace agreement in the United States have emerged.
2.3 modern cost accounting
founded the first time Motors (GM) public company in 1923 and has developed methods that have helped reduce costs PS, and this still stands for more than 50 years. It included the new accounting techniques that have been developed return on investment, return on equity and the concept of GM's flexible / adjustable budget.
2.4 accounting concepts and agreements
was established in the United States between 1936 and 1938 by the Committee on Accounting Procedures (CAP) and thus unify accounting practices for all companies across the United States. In 1953, the accounting principles generally accepted (GAAP) has been updated to new standards, and became CAP Accounting Principles Board (APB) in 1959 and then in 1973, APB (after having suffered from mismanagement) was replaced by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB ) with greater powers and the opinion of the professional position.
2.5 International Financial Reporting Standards
releasedFASB nearly 0 statements between 1973 and 09, and thus lay the foundation for the accounting standards used in the present time, and are now making the current moves to achieve compatibility between All accounting principles generally accepted accounting principles with international financial reporting standards (IFRS) by the international Accounting standards board (IASB). It is believed widely that the development of the accounting profession in any country and around the world is a mixed effort for each of the accounting theoreticians and practitioners accountants. Thus, the framework for accounting is the harmony of the efforts which the professional accounting bodies are usually in the forefront of the path to organize and unify the issues related to accounting.
2.6 Nigerian scenario
in Nigeria, and the case is not different from the above discussion. Most of accounting standards has inherited in the country (the concepts and traditions) from the British colonial masters. Because the world has already become a global village great with accounting bodies globalized supervising and making sure that all Member States and keep up with the principles generally current accepted accounting, tagged Nigeria also to take many of the public sector and the reforms of the private sector, most recently, celebrities, which include approval by the federal government in July 2010 to adopt international standards for the public sector (standards) and international public and financial sector reporting standards (IFRS) for the private sector as a conscious effort to ensure a unified scheme for reporting system across the country by both the public sector and the private sector.
2.7 international convergence of accounting standards
This concept is both the goal and the path taken to reach this goal. Financial Accounting Standards Board believes that the ultimate goal of convergence is a single set of high quality, and international accounting standards that companies will be used all over the world at the local levels and financial reporting across the border. To this end, make a conscious effort by the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the International Accounting Standards to eliminate the differences between the association "Generally Accepted Accounting Principles" and "IFRS". And he gave one of these conscious effort on April 5, 2012 when he presented an updated report to the Financial Stability Board plenary meeting on accounting convergence. The growing demand by the global capital markets, driven by the desire of investors for high-quality and internationally comparable financial information is the result of interest is expected to provide on the spot to make decisions and solutions minutes after that to solve the problem. Founded International Accounting Standards Board 1ST April 01, succeeding the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), and on March 1, 01 International Accounting Standards Board, the accounting standard setter independent based in London, England assumed the responsibilities of accounting standardization. International Accounting Standards Board is responsible for issuing many of the accounting standards and statements known as the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
(3). Results
to give the scene a photographer for this paper, and use two (2) illustrations for Proposals (interpretations) of the results. Illustration.1 traces the evolution of accounting. Principles, roles, and concepts, professional, standardization and internationalization. Illustration.2 one hand relates to the evolution of accounting with human evolution and on the other hand, it expands the understanding of the reader with respect to the subject matter. The reader (user) of this paper easily discover the past due-present-future role of accounting, which is aimed at Muslim finally what the future of accounting can (or should) be. Self-accounting terms not found in the literature of accounting but are used here to portray a primitive accounting that have been used in the province by traders long before the double-entry system. Self-accounting, and therefore, it was in the past when it was the role of the Accounting Accounting just to be records of income and expenses and liabilities exhibition, assets and profits is not necessarily characterized by earnings / or personal property of a private merchant appear. Assets in some cases have been recorded as an expense. This and assumable because most companies are working (and still works) as it is the only property. The current role of the accounting includes; overseeing financial reporting and management decision-making. These three provide a link between what is accounting today. It referred to along with supervision because it is rich traders in Europe and the Americas in the training of their slaves to provide book-keeping services time. Even traders do not have themselves to carry out these tasks. Financial Accounting has been developed to provide a standard for the preparation of special financial reports for users of these reports, who are largely to the companies concerned. Management Accounting evolved to provide records that would help in the decision making of managers and owners of the business process. Overall each of the three roles of accounting as to help current stakeholders to issue good provisions on dealing with companies. These entities may or "no" have the right to receive reports discussed it. They include stakeholders; creditors and the government (the existence of the rights to receive financial reports only). Shareholders and investors and management (who take advantage of all of the financial reports and management reports); employee and management team (who are users of all reports: bookkeeping, financial reporting and management reports); and competitors, residents and customers - and the community who do not have the right to receive such reports, but able to recover the financial reports (annual reports) to assist their decisions with respect to any act of interest to them.
are no accurate records (reports) decision support is good but a misunderstanding in some cases, the rule of the reports and the results recorded may lead to making bad decisions taken. The three roles of accounting and was at the present time on the rock bed on which the unification of the accounting principles and procedures have evolved so far. Emerging role (future) of accounting and should be anticipated with eager readiness regarding what must be likely. Illustration.2 do justice to the concept.
Illustration.1- evolution of accounting in the United States (1300-2014)
supervision (before 1300)
-Slaves basic training to provide for keeping the book
[1945001↓]double-entry (1300)
-Introduction of the principles of double-entry
↓
bookkeeping Improvement (1494)
[beginsreports -Financial
↓
cost Accounting (1772)
-Managerial accounting for decisions begin
↓
double-entry (1789 )
-Principle of the entire province has adopted
↓
professionalism (1850)
-Concepts / bodies Chartered feet
↓
AICPA was formed in the United States (1887)
standards -Providing and operational guidelines
, certification process begins
↓
examinations qualifying (1897)
-First standardized exams feet
renewed cost accounting (1923)
ways of modernity ↓ cost accounting developed by General Motors Corp., remained relevant beyond 1973
↓
concepts and agreements (1936)
expanded the concepts and conventions -Conservatism
-US put to the Commission's accounting procedures (CAP) standard accounting practices
↓
develops CAP (1953)
-New standards of generally accepted accounting principles established fully
↓
[AttormazidCAP (1959)
hood becomes APB (Accounting Board principles)
↓
develops APB (1973)
, and due to mismanagement and the inability accounting theory as required, is replaced by the accounting methods by the financial Accounting standards board
↓
financial Accounting standards board was established (1973)
replacesAccounting standards board -Financial APB and makes more than 0 statements until 09
-The Foundation of accounting standards around the world to strengthen the power of
↓
the influence of England (01)
-IASB founded as an independent international accounting standards-setter "based in London, England
-IASB assumed the responsibilities of the Standing Committee on March 1, 01
↓
Council financial accounting standards and are being considered in the international convergence (2012-2014)
-GAAP (founded by the financial Accounting standards board) for integration into IFRS (which was established by the international Accounting standards board)
3.1 Accounting reality versus the future role of the accounting?
what is the reality of accounting, then what should include the reality of accounting? Wikipedia.com know reality as the whole everything, and structures (actual and theoretical), events (past and present) and phenomena, whether observed or not. Thus it sees reality as a term that connects between the ideologies to destinations world view or part of the (conceptual frameworks). The reality of accounting are close to 'accounting fair value ", which is both theoretical accounting basis. It seems that the conversion to the future role of accounting. In financial accounting, easily seen that the accounting reflect the reality of companies and economic as it is, although it is common sense the right to know that accounting can not adequately reflect the reality, especially in regard to the technical limit of the bookkeeping and double accounting entry at fair value. as part of the changes resulting from the reality of Accounting, has a new concept of "natural capital" emerged. at the Rio summit +20 on sustainable development adopted by the United Nations Conference on sustainable development (UNCSD), which took place in Brazil in the 20 to 22 June 2012. in the FAO Conference, has issued a declaration natural capital them that natural capital is now understood to consist of all ground assets natural (soil, air, water, flora and fauna) and the ecosystem services resulting from it, and that makes human life possible. The report estimated that the goods and services from natural capital, ecosystem trillion US dollars a year and constitute food, fiber and water, health, energy, climate, security and other basic services for all.
3.2 concept of natural capital
no services, no stock of natural capital to provide them, and are adequate assessment compared to the top social and financial capital despite being essential for all that exists. Daily use of natural capital is still an undiscovered grossly inside our financial system. There is therefore a need for the use of Natural Capital in an unsustainable manner. All stakeholders, including the private sector and governments must begin to assess and account for the use of natural capital and get to know the true cost of economic growth, as well as the preservation of human well-being in the present and the future.
3.3 frame natural capital
natural capital Although treated as a free good, but must be seen as part of the World Synod of the wealth that governments must act now and wisely to create a framework that the organization and reward or to impose taxes on the private sector to use. Reliable policies that can be reported about the value and use and depletion of natural capital frameworks must be the intent of any government that wants to provide a good start with this new accounting phenomenon. And given the economic impact of accounting under accounting deeper reality because everything is the real is only really true in that, not in the physical abilities. Consequently, the value of natural capital, for example, would be valuable to make sure After considering the various factors that lead to such an assessment. These factors include the size and presence of mineral resources, location, and other natural resources, and the existence of plant and animal life, etc.
Illustration.2- emerging role of (future) of accounting
human AGE ...... ....... human evolution accounting .................................. evolution
primitive age ........... Hunter - .......................... complex ....... . .Self Accounting
(independence) ...... (living Subsistent) ....................... ....... ..... (counter)
↓
colonial age of colonialism ............ ............. ....... ............... .... overseeing the accounting
(age continued) ..... (being efficient) ...... ...... ......................... (book-keeping)
↓
the modern era ..... ....... . Technology-led industrialization ....... financial Accounting
(independence) ....... (being effective) ............ ........ ................ (financial reports)
↓
the modern era ............. technology driven knowledge ..... ......... management Accounting
(bonding) ... (effectiveness to greatness) ............ (decision-making)
? ↓
future technology driven age ......... ........ progress and the reality of accounting?
(efficiency ................ concern for the environment? ..........................
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