The McDonnell Douglas MD-11

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The McDonnell Douglas MD-11

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and the McDonnell Douglas MD-11, and is intended successor earlier in the DC-10 and the third bought a plane after a three-and DC-10 itself Inc. Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, traces its inception to General Electric and Pratt and Whitney competition engine to provide adequate military transport Lockheed C-Galaxy 5A engine, resulting in the first high bypass turbofan ratio, while the DC-10, and the result of the 1966 American airlines requirements "plane transcontinental 250 pasenger, has a built in five basic and comprehensive versions of the DC-10-10, and DC-10-15, and DC-10 -30 and DC-10-40, and KC-10 Extender, achieving a final production run of 446. cost overruns necessitated intermittently integrate into the Douglas aircraft Co. with McDonnell program, so far in the military aircraft industry, in order to ensure the survival of both the company and its planes.

Douglas designed for both narrow and purchased successors studies, powered by high bypass turbofans ratio and accommodate 150 passengers, began as far back as and -1970 s late. despite the lack of definitive aircraft program had, in this event, has been launched, a detailed analysis of the market, combined with the new technology research, would later prove the value of design in the end. The 60 orders for the KC-10 enabled Douglas to maintain the basic production line DC-10 longer than it would have if it only relied on commercial orders, which delayed the need for replacement. However, because it must be based on his generation earlier in the year, it can proceed through its definition and design phase much faster than later, competing Airbus A-340 and Boeing 777, entering the market earlier than these aircraft and tapping to the DC-10 customer base for current and potential sales.

Contrary to that plane, but - who was involved in the same length of the fuselage cross section five basic versions - may Caliph expected for 1979 showed a 40-foot fuselage stretch capable of accommodating 340 passengers of mixed class, three general Electric CF6- 50J turbofans producing 54,000 pounds of payment each, wing strengthened, and 630,000 pounds gross weight.

these results, DC-10-60, in the previous parallel, extended long-range DC-8-60 series, offered to increase the 75 passengers during the DC-10S from Air New Zealand Swiss Airlines, which had been targeted as customers launch possible, but the use of existing wing severely eroded performance, and extensions five feet, coupled with a new wing fillet and active ailerons to reduce gust loads, has been improved to a great extent. In fact, the revised behind paintings edge has led tailcone largest reduction in fuel consumption by 24 percent from what it was in the DC-10 and the cost per seat mile have been lower than those of the four engines of the Boeing 747.

program launch, intended for 1979, was raped by Douglas define more versions, which, designated "DC-10-61", "DC-10-62", and "DC-10-63", was more mirrors closely DC-8-61, DC-8-62, and DC-8-63 labels. And DC-10-61, for example, may be intended as a domestic variant with the fuselage 40 feet along the length and breadth of 30 passengers, and was powered by a payment of 60,000 pounds engines. And DC-10-62, with a low, 26.7 foot fuselage insertion, and was designed for operations far too long, with a 14-foot wingspan increase, active ailerons, and the unity of the main undercarriage four-wheel axis. The purpose of doing about 40 fewer passengers from -61, while the -63 had combined the design features of both, resulting in a high-capacity, long-term alternative.

had a series of intermittent DC-10 accidents, none of them may be due to a gap design afternoon, along with the prevailing economic recession, prevented further Super DC-10 development at this time, although that one's features, which was founded at the end of the day in her successor, was a Continental Airlines DC-10-10 in August of 1981. the winglet flight test, and extends both above and below the wing tip, and varying in size, have resulted in three percent. Reduced fuel consumption due to lower equity in the clouds that was created.

Thus, backed only by the MD-80 sales, rode Douglas Aircraft Company recession. It is expected DC-10 replacement, bearing on the appointment of MD-11X 10 in 1984, and offers much more progress than the original Super 60 series and may closely based on the DC-10-30 to a maximum 580,000 pounds, take off the weight, and a group 6,500 nautical miles with a full load, and either three General Electric CF6-80C2 engines or Pratt and Whitney PW4000. A copy of the Supreme capabilities, to provide parallel with the basic airframe, had appeared on the 22.3 foot fuselage stretch, to allow 331 passenger class mixed to be deported 6,000-mile ranges, and the contrast was 50,000 pounds gross weight. American, Delta, Lufthansa, airlines just local, considering this iteration, he had suggested improvements that later incorporated in the final plane.

By the following year, authorized the Board of luring the regime, despite the fact that both versions had, by this time, featured the same fuselage length, and medium-range variant, at 500,000 pounds gross weight, offering a 4,781- mile range, and his long -range, at 50,000 pounds gross weight, offering 6,00-mile range. Accommodate about 335 passengers in a typically mixed arrangement, they introduced composite construction, the cockpit of the two people, a letter and a sophisticated system of flight.

At the time of the launch of the official program, which took place on 30 December 1986.92 orders and options developed by Alitalia, British Caledonian, federal, Airlines Korean, SAS, Swissair air, airline Thai International and Varig.

and MD-11, which had emerged for the first time three years later in September 1989 in Long Beach, and had been registered N111MD, was devoid of engines, ailerons, and the stability of the vertical, and the outline of paint , but the display logos of the 29 customers who had ordered or optioned the type by this time. As it was later added these surfaces, however, it bears close resemblance to DC-10-30, which was derived from it.

includes a stretch of 18.6 feet during those planes, is achieved by two plugs fuselage, keep the nose and cockpit sections, but introduced an elongated, reducing drag, tailcone Digger form, it offered 201.4 -foot overall length when fitted with engines General Electric, or 0.11 feet along the year with Pratt and Whitney plants.

and the two spar Douglas airfoil, built up from ribs chordwise leather Relay spanwise, and appeared period 169.6 feet, and sweepback 35 degrees tendon quarter, and six degrees of dihedral, rendering 7.9 aspect ratio and the 3,648- square feet. And boosted low-speed lift from a new, full-leading slide the edge of the redesigned, behind edge flaps, while provided roll control of inward before slotted double, all-speed ailerons made of metal with composite skins, and an external, low-speed ailerons which drooped with trailing edge flaps during take-off and constructed entirely of composite materials. Each suite also contains five panels spoiler.

fuel in the wing tanks parcel, totaled 40,183 US gallons.

up and down, extending ailerons, installed on the wingtips themselves, it provided the greatest distinction on the DC-10. Harnessing the spiral-producing clouds create otherwise pressure wingtip mixing differential, they may consist of seven feet, Department of the upward angle made of conventional rib and spar, but covered with the skin of aluminum alloy and finished carbon fiber and beyond the edge, and 2.5 feet tall, the Department of the corner down, made entirely of carbon fiber, and include en masse area of ​​40 square feet.

due to the increasing moment arm and software longitudinal stability and increased computer-controlled, and the tail of MD-11 horizontal was the smallest 30 percent of that of the DC-10 and appeared in the 00-gallon US trim tank integral that increase the scope and facilitate the - the center of gravity of the perfect trip. Bodies advanced airfoil convex, low 0.33 degrees Sweepback, along tailplane variable incidence activated electromechanical equipped with the second section, a specified period of time, the vehicle trailing lifts the edge on either side, which resulted in 1,00 pounds reduce the structural weight and dropped in tow trip.

provided

power by three 62,000 pound thrust General Electric CF6-80C2 or 60,000 pounds thrust Pratt and Whitney PW4462 high bypass ratio turbofans, Two of them were on the leading edge of the lower wing and had been installed, including one at the back of the vertical tail fin attached twisting square edifice. Trace their origins to the engine TF39 41,000 pounds thrust was originally developed for the Lockheed C-5A Galaxy, the first evolved in the quieter, CF-6 more customized business process progress, and had a tendency 40,000 pounds CF6-6D-powered and DC-10-10 local, while 48,000 pounds thrust CF6-50C have been powered for Lgarat DC-10-30, along with the Airbus a-300 company and some versions of the Boeing 747. it was the most sophisticated and CF6-80A also been chosen to operate the a-310 and 767.

basic integration of CF-6, with a larger, 93-inch, fan shaft, two CF6-80C2 engine MD-11 offered 17 percent more pay, and had a bypass ratio of 5.05. Digital control system is linked to the full power of the engine, which itself is provided electronic autothrottle and flight management system interface, the turbofan offered to reduce fuel burn.

alternative Pratt and Whitney PW4060, which cut the length down evenly the total length of the plane by five inches, the only option was another client. It is selected Rolls-Royce Trent RB.211-524L, briefly listed third alternative, by air for in Europe and 18 optioned orders the company, but the financial collapse of the parent company prevents the continuation of its offerings.

and hydraulically actuated, tricycle gear, like that of DC-10-30, may consist of, -turadja forward unit dual nose wheels. Two quad wheeled back down horizontally main gear carts; and twin wheels, forward, retreat, fuselage strut the middle, and all appeared to absorb shocks calming air.

and MD-11 cockpit, too much deviation from the DC-10, was engaged by a crew of two, and the third, or flight engineer, the position of the replacement of avionics digital systems, and flight control and management of computerized, while The aircraft control system, or the University of Arizona, may consist of five stand-alone computer that dual-channel automated previous duties.

and the passenger compartment, designed for flexibility, incorporated seat, the kitchen, a toilet, and installation of wardrobe in the cabin tracks that run along that facilitated configurations and multiple densities and rapid re-arrangement in increments of one inch, thus allowing carriers to operate the type on its flights during the week, and the services / trips densely populated during the weekend. Compared cabin DC-10, and appeared in the MD-11 light side panels weight and gatherings and one seat; improving lighting; larger, restyled overhead storage compartments which tripled the size of each passenger to three cubic feet, the standard axis boxes at the back of Part II. And the provision of crew loft rest of the family.

A typical second-class, and the formation of 323 passengers involves 34 six-For-seat first-class in the 41-42-inch pitch and 289 nine For Economy Class seats in the 33-34-inch pitch, while the three-year class arrangement Included 16 For six first-class seats at 60-inch pitch 0.56 For seven business class seats on the 38-inch pitch, and 221 from nine For Economy class seats on the 32-inch pitch. Maximum capacity, in ten together, three or four three-configuration, and it was 409.

and MD-11, with 114,100 pounds limited load weight, it was a maximum of 602,500 pounds, take off the weight. Accommodate 298 passengers in three grades, it has offered a package 6840 nautical miles, including required reserves FAA.

first to take to the sky in the January 10, 190 from Long Beach, and MD-11 stability and control tests conducted at Edwards Air Force Base, and achieve the maximum height of 25,000 feet and speeds of 300 knots before the conclusion of a highly successful two-hour, - 56-minute first flight. It received three hundred fifteen orders and options for type before this time.

certificate program, which involves four GE CF6-80C2 one Pratt and Whitney PW4460-powered aircraft structure, has achieved so many three-record commercial aircraft, including the 080-mile journey from Anchorage, Alaska, July 31 in 190, with a fourth model, which remained aloft for 16 hours, 35 minutes.

testimony in the November 8 has achieved to copy powered CF6-80C2 and December December 19 airliner PW4460, while removing given Category IIIB landing April following type.

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Finnish, and the type of the first client, has taken delivery of the first of the aircraft, registered OH-LGA, at a ceremony in Long Beach on November 29, 190, and the Gaza continents representative with introduced this plane two years later, in October of 1992.

it was established in November 1, 1923 by Bruno L. Lucander, private carrier, then designated "Aero O / Y", has launched a service after March to Rival, Estonia, with aircraft Junkers F.13, before expanding to Stockholm, with an intermediate stop in Turku, in cooperation with the ABA Sweden. Finnish development of internal lines, because of the abundance of the country of the lakes, and it was the equipment floatplane necessitated, although building the airport after 1936 has enabled it to get two De Havilland launchers Rapid Dragon and, later, two Yonkers Ju.52 / 3ms .

shortly after he had lifted suspension of the flight cost II- World War, the fledgling airline, and now the government's 70 percent owned and named "Aero O / Y end Airways," she re-sector Helsinki, Stockholm and acquired nine DC- 3S.

in the 1950s, characterized by the continental expansion of the road system and modern, X-340 aircraft purchases, it has been taken to Dusseldorf, Hamburg, London, and Moscow Aviation Center steady growth of Helsinki, was the type has been replaced by a slight capacity X-high 440.

has ordered the MD-11, powered by GE engines CF6-80C2D1F and configured for 58 business class and 278 passengers in economy class, to replace its DC-10-30s and was first published on the Helsinki Tenerife route in December 29, 190, to collect the initial operating experience before being transferred to sectors of North America and the Far East, which did not mean that.

had two MD-11S roads Helsinki and Tokyo and Helsinki Bangkok and Singapore are working, while the DC-10-30s and service sectors continued to New York and Beijing.

first, to Japan, have stretched 4862 miles, and it involves a nine-hour time block, 35 minutes, and was operated by the first MD-11 to enter passenger carrying, OH-LGA service.

and tall, trees dense surrounding Vantaa International Airport in Helsinki, still wearing yellow and fall of gold coat, appeared spread like biting 30 degree wind whirled donations snow towards the geometric pattern of ladders, corridors, and runways. And Goliath, and trimmed blue-Finnish MD-11 three-jet, currently the only purchase it on the white runway dust, accompanied by a myriad of narrow body DC-9, MD-80, and the 737-300 twinjets, was towed back to the gate for -4 30 minutes before scheduled to 0.1620 as the center of her departure late in the afternoon, squeezed light north.

a two-person cockpit, and MD-11, a radical departure from the DC-10, sported six cathode ray tube (CRT) display units glass eight inches square, consisting of a primary flight display repetition (PFD), Navigation Display (ND), the engine and alert display (EAD), and display systems (SD) plans, while the automatic control system, located on the top panel, has been divided into sections for hydraulic, electrical, mechanical properties, and fuel, each controlled by two stand-alone computers. It appeared in the Panel Flight Control (FCP) itself, located in the panel Glareshield Control (GCP), and controls for the pilot and director of flight selections mode, as well as the controls to change the airline placing the order management, including the speed (SPD), and Navigation (NAV) and Profile (PROF).

and wait, the Trans-Siberian departure point of the trip in the points, weights, moments, flight plan, and take off the runway (04), and take off performance calculations, obtained from paper pregnancy prepared Station, it has entered into a unit multi-functional control screen , similar to the keyboard (MCDU) located on the center pedestal between the two pilots. Flight Standard Instrument Departure (SID) and were then loaded into the flight management system during the inertial reference system initialization.

engine number three, and the first to start and the furthest away from the bleed air source, may work by pulling the key to start the engine, the valve start to move to the open position, check to confirm the amber light. When the compressor speed is N2 has the equivalent of 15 percent, it has been moving the start lever to the "On" position and the key to start the engine, which reflects the degree of the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) of between 45. and 52 percent, had popped in and start a closed valve now disilluminating and yellow light. May N1 tachometer engine stabilized at 23 percent and reduced the degree of the exhaust gas temperature hovered at 700 degrees Fahrenheit mark. Sequence then repeated for the other two turbofans, followed by the completion of the "after the start of reference."

tug maneuvered from the position of the nose in parking lots, and MD-11, operating as flight AY 914, movement of autonomy has begun with the progress throttle imperceptible, and test surfaces journey and after the taxi Fanta ground control instructions.

movement in the blue corridors patched snow-lined light in virtual darkness, made the three-lumbering plane turn 180 degrees to the runway 04 Assisted steering tiller wheel of her nose, and the wheel itself nose put so far behind the cockpit that the plane had risen beyond the center line of the Gaza Strip before it actually began turn toward it, elongated, her body a wide following in redundant mode. It offers full rudder deflection ten degrees of leadership on the ground, while the nose wheel achieved up to 70 percent of laterability left and right.

receive take off clearance, and MD-11, sports 25 degrees trailing edge flap, had thundered to the initial acceleration and chokes her, advanced manually to the position of 70 percent, and feeds large diameter turbofans General Electric for with a steady stream of fuel, it also swallowed huge amounts of cold air with each, increasingly faster rotation of the fan. On autopilot button, located on the control panel in the aviation and involve themselves autothrottles, computer-controlled aircraft to take off her determine the right direction, along with automatic engine synchronization.

elevator leveraged to decode nosewheel link rotation, triangular plane surrendered to the purple dusk blur snowflake, loading heavy fuel in the exercise load bending-curving top of the wing and the wing's leading edge through the anatomy of light rays mystery because he jumped from above runway 15 and smudges ground light represents Helsinki. Decline tricycle her bicycle wheels, the plane, which indicated its position on the right climbing bars on the pitch, and automatically adhere to the basic course for the departure of the instrument.

bending to the right bank of the shallow coast, flight 914 fell trailing edge flaps, although the leading edge of the slide has been extended until additional speed had collected. Involve mobility enable the aircraft to fly Profile placed her departure, while activating the autoflight system, along with "NAV" buttons "PROF", he ensured that he followed her to the road, climbing, radial issued, or the particular air traffic tuning or level from rising. It has been maintained on the flight speed at 250 knots below 10,000 feet, at which time it was allowed to accelerate to 355 or beyond, and had retreated from the edge of the leading lights.

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